June 24, 2017
DENR Reminds Car Buyers: Only Euro 4 Vehicles Allowed to be Registered by 2018
Interested in getting a new Isuzu mu-X or D-Max or Mitsubishi L300 or Adventure? Better get them now. Apart from the looming excise tax increase, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) has set a December 31, 2017 deadline for the initial (new car) registration of these vehicles and other non-Euro 4 compliant vehicles in the country.
Although the country has shifted to Euro 4 emissions standard last January 1, 2016, the DENR has given carmakers a bit of a respite. With carmakers citing “long-term production planning of OEMs” and requiring a “significant vehicle technology shift within the model life”, the DENR gave 2 years for carmakers to phase out existing Euro 2 models. That extension expires at the end of 2017.
Beginning January 1, 2018, the DENR will no longer accept Euro 2 Certificates of Conformity (COC) as a basis of initial registration with the Land Transportation Office or LTO. Simply put, new vehicles which haven’t been registered and do not meet Euro 4 emissions standards cannot be registered any more.
Oh, and in case you’re wondering, the COC is that little sticker on your vehicle’s front windshield stating that it has passed the mandatory emissions requirements.
This ruling has no effect on vehicles already purchased and are already registered with the LTO. The Euro 2 emissions standard will be used for renewal registration for vehicles purchased before January 1, 2018. All other vehicles purchased on or after January 1, 2018 will have to be Euro 4 emissions compliant to pass the mandatory emissions test.
For their part, both Mitsubishi and Isuzu said that they are on track to offer a line-up of Euro 4 emissions compliant vehicles by the time the government deadline arrives.
HOW ABOUT THESE LOCALLY ASSEMBLED PUJ? ARE THEY Euro 4 emissions standard?
ReplyDeleteThat's where the Jeepney Modernization Program comes in.
DeleteSir good afternoon.. Does it mean we can no longer import Used Trucks with Euro 2 emission standard starting Jan2018 even it passes the emission test?. Please rply po.. Thanks
DeleteIf I buy a second hand crosswind now, for how many more years can I use it?
DeleteIs the isuzu mu-x not euro 4 comlpliant? I think it should be the isuzu crosswind.
ReplyDeleteNo. mu-X and D-Max are not Euro 4 compliant.
DeleteI think Isuzu should bring in the latest model of their trucks which is already euro 4 compliant like the NHR which is Euro 2 compliant only
Deletehttps://www.isuzuphil.com/products/d-max
Deletehindi po ba euro 4 yung dmax 2018?
I think jeepneys aren't even Euro 1 compliant, lol.
ReplyDeleteThis comment has been removed by the author.
DeleteWhats the difference of euro 2 vs euro 4?
DeleteKasama po ba dito motorcycle?
ReplyDeleteDiesel po ba motrcycle niyo? O nagbabalak po kayo na bumili ng Diesel na motorcycle?
Deletedont be arrogant boy!, nagtanong nga dahil hindi lahat alam na diesel fuel ang pinag usapan dito
Deletekung ganyan ang katwiran mo pag gasolina pwede. lahat ng diesel engine pwede mo gamitan ng gasolina so maging compliant na cla.
DeleteMotorcycles have to shift to Euro 3 by January 1.
DeleteThis comment has been removed by the author.
Deletediesel engine gagamitan ng gasolina?subukan mo nga para mapabili na ng bagong euro4 engine
DeleteThis comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeletehow about the mu-x blue power? is there any news when they're going to release in Philippines?
ReplyDeleteIsuzu is confident that they'll beat the government deadline of phasing out Euro 2 vehicles. Thus, it could mean a launch of the Blue Power engine for both the D-Max and mu-X before the year ends. That being said, Isuzu is already hinting a price increase of 10-15 percent with this engine. This is even before the implementation of the new excise tax.
Deletethat's good news sir.. Thanks
DeleteI wonder what model will Isuzu replace to the Crosswind while Mitsubishi already have a concept
DeleteFrom what we gather, the Crosswind will not have a replacement. They said though that parts will remain in supply for 10 years even after that model's end.
DeleteAno po bang model of year ang owd pang bilhin na second hand n kotse
Deletewhat other vehicles in the current market are not euro 4 compliant aside from those mentioned above?
ReplyDeleteIn addition. I owned a 2014 mitsubishi strada 4x2, euro 4 compliant po ba ito?
Deleteregardless if euro 4 or not sir, applicable ra ang new ruling sa DENR for "NEW" vehicles. No need to worry for vehicles registered before Jan 1, 2018
Deletegood morning sir...so samin na may existing crosswind model 2004 sir di affected dito sa bagong rule na ito ng DENR, basta dating registered sa LTO?
DeletePATAY TAYO DYAN !!!!!
ReplyDeleteIm planing to buy a second hand car which is 2nd hand only about year 2000 model. Will there be a problem?
ReplyDeletebasahin mo ulit. di ka nagbabasa eh
Deleteabolish DENR not the vehicles.pagpapahirap desisyon ng denr dapat tumahimik sila.saan survey nila na ang non euro 4 compliant vehcles ay siya ang punot dulo ng climate change.mataming kalbo ng bulubundukin dapat tamnan nila.huag paginitan mga sasakyan dahil niniremedyohang LTO para marebistro sila.
DeleteUnahin nyo ang mga lumang jeepney at bus na malakas magpa-usok bago kayo mag Euro Euro dyan!
ReplyDeleteThis article concerns newly bought/registered vehicles. Any kind of retroactive action, whether on PUVs or passenger vehicles, will have a high cost on the spending public. Effective emissions testing of existing vehicles, or lack thereof, is another issue altogether.
DeleteDapat lang ban Na yang mga lumang Isuzu engines bago LNG galing showroom mausok Na!
ReplyDeleteNewbie question. I have an old 98 Lancer I use. Will I still be able to use this car after 2018?
ReplyDeletePlease read the article in full. Yes, you can still continue to register and use your old '98 Lancer.
DeleteThis comment has been removed by a blog administrator.
DeleteOr get a frick'n new car. Mura na lang ngayon, kung hindi ka maarte.
DeleteROI ka nanaman siguro, 20 years. Imagine kung may bagong panganak na bata when your car was driven off the dealer's lot, college graduate na siya siguro.
Do yourself, the car industry the environment and the rest of humanity a favor.
buti alisin na isuzu na yan perwisyo mausok na crosswind ng kapitbahay sa mga may hika at asma!!! dapat pati DOH pumasok na rito kasi inutil ang DENR!!!
ReplyDeletethey should next set the deadline for taking ALL non-Euro4 vehicles off the streets for good.
ReplyDeleteThat ought to be good for both traffic and health.
For registration, allow only vehicles less than 10 years for private, then 7 for public.
I think we should just follow Japan's progressive tax system instead of a possibly hugely unpopular ban (at least for passenger cars). Just give an increasing tax for older cars to disincentivise owners. If you wanna own a classic polluting car, you gotta pay to play.
DeleteWin-win for classic car owners and BIR.
Haha ang dami naman matatapang na sumagot na engot oh ano pa man na panlalait eh sila naman naka anonymous lang din...
ReplyDeleteI guess this will be a good thing despite setbacks on buyers. We can do our environment and the people around us a lot of good if we start complying with the Euro 4. Plus take in consideration the gasoline that you use.
ReplyDeletebaka pwedeng maglabas ng listahan ang LTO or DENR Central Office ng mga Euro 4 compliant vehicles, nang sa ganun may idea yung mga first time buyers kung ano yung bibilhin nilang sasakyan in the near future.
ReplyDeleteIf we're talking about passenger cars (PC) and light-commercial vehicles, most vehicles are already Euro 4 compliant. The only ones that aren't are:
DeleteIsuzu Crosswind
Isuzu D-Max
Isuzu mu-X
Mitsubishi Adventure
Mitsubishi L300
The question mark would be offerings from:
Mahindra since we can't find any info about them anywhere. In other countries, they are already equipped with a CRDi engine which makes them Euro 4 compliant already.
BAIC, BYD, and Foton ARE already Euro 4 compliant.
sir what about sportivo?
DeleteSportivo is the Crosswind.
DeleteHyundai H100 is also just Euro 2. Do they have a replacement for it?
DeleteGood morning bro Ulysses Ang for being so responsive. Salamat sa information.
DeleteBanning the sale of NEW vehicle equipped with Euro 2 engines. If you bought one before January 1, 2018, you can use them and even renew its registration. So far, there's no phase out plan in place.
ReplyDeleteMaybe, maybe not.
ReplyDeleteAs with other laws here in the Philippines it can always change. Although, vehicles that don't even meet Euro 2 standards (those without catalytic converters) are still on the road and still pass emissions without any problem... So that's saying something.
Paano po yung mga owner type jeep na iaasemble next year? Dapat po ba euro 4 standard din? Tia
ReplyDeletebaka... pero mahihirapan ka niyan sa emission lalo na kung gasolina... mas mababa kasi standard ng rebuilt vehicle nag lalaro lang ata sa 150 HC and .50 CO... kaya kung may mga makikita kang owner type jeep sa kalsada isa lang sigurado dinaya yung emission niyan...
DeleteWhat's the plan for the Adventure? Will it have a euro 4, with 10 to 15% increase in price?
ReplyDeleteread muna bago comment. mga tao talaga oh
ReplyDeleteSir Uly, is there a cheap way of modifying Euro 2 compliant cars like a DPF or any other device that can make it pass Euro IV emissions testing? While it is safe to assume some wiseguy will just ask for an SC TRO against implementation of the ruling, I am concerned in making my euro 2 MuX future proof.
ReplyDeleteNo cheap way unfortunately. It will entail modifications to the engine and even the software to make it compliant. I mean, it is possible, but likely not economically feasible.
DeleteWhy take that long the government giving the producer time to sell off there old Engine for two year and then phase it out that's a trick and in 2018 you can't registered EURO 2 Vehicle, then they manage to cut looses for the corporation but not to the buyers
ReplyDeleteYung may mga vehicles na registered before 2018 na euro 2 compliant, pwde nyo pa gamitin yan kahit kailan. Ang sinasabi dito, yung mga new vehicles by 2018 dapat euro 4 compliant na. Ang purpose nila dito para hindi na madagdagan yung mga euro 2 compliant na vehicles.
ReplyDeleteyan ang hinihintay ko na reply.ty sa info bro
DeleteYun ang reply, salamat post
Deleteyou are correct Mr. Ang, there is NO banning or phasing out of vehicles in regards of old age in the Philippines. So euro 2 or non euro compliant vehicles can roam the streets forever.Wow.
ReplyDeleteeven if buy now those car, ang probs is pano na pag lahat nang gasoline station naka euro 4 na, wala nang nag bibinta nang euro 2,
ReplyDeleteAng kailangan po ng euro 2 na gasoline ay euro 2-5 na gasolina ang kailangan ng euro4 ay euro 4-5 na gasolina
DeleteAng ibig bang sabihin aalsin na mga pang Euro 2 na gasoĺina?
Deletecan you still buy a second hand crosswind after 2017? Kasi kukuha ka parin ng CR under your name diba....OK lang ba yon?
ReplyDeletehahaha bakit papalitan mo ba plaka pati engine number? natural pwede pa yan change name ka lang. naka rehistro na yan at may plaka na din. renewal na lang yan at change name.
Deleteim planning to buy a second hand nissan urvan 2001 model for private use only, pwede ba itong gamitin sa metro manila wala po itong huli. hindi ba ako magkakaproblema sa pag renew ng rehistro. anong year model po ng sasakyan ang di na pwede gamitin. salamat
ReplyDeleteYung mga japan surplus truck,, di na rin ba ma-erehistro kung sakaling 2018 na makabili?
ReplyDeletenatatawa ako sa isang nagco-comment. maanghang ang bunganga. umuusok. hehe. euro 1 compliant lang yata.
ReplyDeletehow about the Hyundai H100? Euro 2 engine rin yun e.. May replacement ba yun?
ReplyDeleteEven trucks are subject to the new Euro 4 emissions. We'll only be the second country (after Singapore) to implement Euro 4 emissions across all new vehicles.
DeleteInterestingly, Malaysia--a country that's been pushing for advanced safety regulations, is still on Euro 2/3 emissions standard.
Are trucks also included in the excise tax starting 2018?
DeleteMr. Ang, is it Singapore to be the pioneer Euro 4-compliant Southeast Asian country? I thought it is Thailand.
DeleteCan i still continue to use my nissan urvan 1999 model and register it next year? Please reply
ReplyDeleteYes, you can still have it registered.
Deletehay naku magmamahal na pala ang gasolina from 2 euro to 4 euro. adjust na naman ng budget....
ReplyDeleteJanuary 2016 pa po Euro 4 fuels natin.
DeleteSir ask lang po nagbabalak po kasi kami bumili ng crosswind this week? ano po maiaadvice nyo salamat po
ReplyDeleteYou can still got one if you want... And you can still register it.
Deletethat means pinauubos nlng ang mga adventure and crosswind?
ReplyDeleteYup. Production has stopped since September.
Deletesir if I own euro 2 car can i used fuel octane of R95 or R 91, which suits best? thanks
ReplyDeletesir,uly. may idea ka ba sa euro4 engine update ng l300? new engine po ba papalit o anu kya?
ReplyDeleteIs there a possibility that isuzu crosswind will be available again as euro 4???
ReplyDeleteSo far,no.The Crosswind production has already ended.
DeleteEuro 4: vehicles produced after 2005, vehicles produced before Jan 1 2005 are not euro 4
ReplyDeletepraktikal pa ba kumuha ng adventure sa ngayon? matatapos na ang 2017,e.. gano ka big deal po ba itong euro 2 at euro 4 compliant engines?
ReplyDeletethanks!
sir how about government vehicles halos luma na lahat. does it mean included rin ang govt sa DOTC Law?
ReplyDeleteAll Mazdas which have the
ReplyDeleteskyactiv G and skyactiv D are euro 6 already even before 2014 when Europe decided to implement euro 6
Pwede pa gamitin/irehistro mga euro 2... wala pa nmn batas na ipephase out.. basta wag klng bibili nun(brand new) sa jannuary 2018...
ReplyDeleteI have honda exi 97 model.
ReplyDeleteMpaparegister q p po ito sa 2018?
Yes you can.
DeleteThis DENR / LTO guideline only covers new cars with an initial registration date of January 1, 2018.
Question:
ReplyDeleteI am planning to buy a 1969 Ford Mustang from a dealer store. Will this affect me if ever I get to buy the car next year?
If it's the LTO database already then you have no problem.
DeleteIf you're importing it from another country, you may run into some certification issues. I'm not aware of any special rule regarding classic or collectible car in the country yet.
Suddenly we disregard the American standard and go for Euro 4 compliant standard. Bad day for the General Motors and Ford cars!. It is crazy that the Philippines is not a first world country and expect car owners to go first world. I prefer ZERO emissions by using electric cars. But with the floods, there is danger of short circuit. Charging time of 30 minutes and lack of charging locations and full parking with many cars charging all the time, well maybe the mall owners can go into this energy business and charge your car battery when you shop. I will have to buy this Euro 4 compliant car but with MMDA doing a 2 day per week number coding restriction,why buy one? Take an UBER or Grab, as long as I can pay or just stay at home na lang.
ReplyDelete2009 Everest is Euro 2.
ReplyDeleteFeed your non euro 4 compliant engine with euro 4 fuel then you will get euro 4 emission. Technically only the fuel components have changed, but the OEM vehicle manufacturer also change the fuel delivery system just to sell their technology. Feed the euro4 compliant engine with non euro 4 fuels then the result will be non euro 4 compliant emission... that's what it is...
ReplyDeletehttps://www.facebook.com/businessinsider/videos/10154026096844071/
DeleteWhy don't Isuzu just use the Dmax platform and make a body that resembles a Crosswind?
ReplyDeletePutting an engine is easy, but it's not just the engine. You have to change the transmission, the axle, the brakes (for the faster speeds), and modify the engine bay and chassis. It's an entire system, not just the engine. It involves an intake and exhaust system, and on-board diagnostics. The original engineers of the Crosswind from the late '90s who are the experts in the model might have moved on to different projects already.
DeleteMga sir will there be shortage in Isuzu Crosswind/Mitsu Adventure parts in the coming years? May mga parts suppliers kasi na magsasara according to some news. Baka magkaubusan ng parts.
ReplyDeletesir how about my toyota altis 1.8 at 2008 version is it euro2 or euro 4
ReplyDeleteHOW ABOUT CROSSWIND XT BLACK SERIES, MODEL 2017, IS IT EURO 4 COMPLIANT ALREADY? THANKS
ReplyDeletenot euro 4 compliant
Deletesir ask lng innova euro 4 n?
ReplyDeleteYes. It's Euro 4.
DeleteHi Sir, I would like to ask about trucks. Can we still register those trucks from Subic which are not Euro 4? Thank you
ReplyDeletedoes euro 4 standards also pertain to gasoline engines?
ReplyDeleteNo. Euro 4 pertains to both gasoline and diesel engines. Even heavy-duty trucks are included in this new regulation. Motorcycles though are Euro 3.
DeleteAno ang explaination ninyo kung bakit euro 4 at hindi euro 2? Na kapag diesel ang fuel nyo bubuga ng usok yan. Kung bago pa wala pang usok yan. Pag daan ng 2 taon uusok din yan
DeletePls answer mga sir. Brand new 2017 model daw ung bibilhen kong adventure glx pero 2013 ung denr sticker niya. Ano po ibig sbhen nun? Sabe nya 2017 ung unit pero 2013 ung issued date ng denr.
ReplyDeleteIbig sabihin nun yung Adventure mo was given its Certificates of Conformity (COC) in 2013. That means it wasn't mechanically changed naman until 2017.
DeleteThere is no problem in registering your Adventure.
Pls answer mga sir. Brand new 2017 model daw ung bibilhen kong adventure glx pero 2013 ung denr sticker niya. Ano po ibig sbhen nun? Sabe nya 2017 ung unit pero 2013 ung issued date ng denr.
ReplyDeleteBibili nanay ko Ng adventure now, Sabi Ng agent magnda daw Ang adventure, now ko lng nalaman na euro2 sxa, meaning Po ba Hindi na pede gamitin ung kotse next year Kasi Hindi na tatangpapin pra sa renew Ng registration? Pa advise Po please.. thank you!
ReplyDeleteThis ruling is for new vehicles that will require an initial registration. Lahat ng renewal okay lang.
DeleteBibili nanay ko Ng adventure now, Sabi Ng agent magnda daw Ang adventure, now ko lng nalaman na euro2 sxa, meaning Po ba Hindi na pede gamitin ung kotse next year Kasi Hindi na tatangpapin pra sa renew Ng registration? Pa advise Po please.. thank you!
ReplyDeleteSir good morning po. Ask ko lang yung Toyota tamaraw Fx diesel 1991 model. Ma.rerenew pa po bah? Salamat po. Hoping for your reply.
ReplyDeleteYes, pwede siya renew.
DeleteThank for the response sir. Your the best.
DeleteMga sir kabibili ko lang ng crosswind xt black series nung jan.15 2018 wala namn advice na dna pwede gamitin euro 2?
ReplyDeleteMga sir kabibili ko lang ng crosswind xt black series nung jan.15 2018 wala namn advice na dna pwede gamitin euro 2?
ReplyDeleteThat's okay because once the Crosswind leaves IPC's plant, its CSR has already been issued. This means, pasok siya sa deadline ng January 1, 2018.
Deletetotoo ba sir na pag wala pa yung OR,CR ng sasakyan d pwede byahe ng manila? nasa probinsya kc ako mga 2 weeks p daw kc m release OR,CR sir maraming salamat sa advice..
DeleteKung strict ka sa batas, hindi pwede i-biyahe ang mga sasakyan na walang OR/CR.
Deletefortuner 2015 model euro 4 engine naba sir?
ReplyDeleteSa alala ko hindi. Nag Euro 4 lang ang Fortuner nung nagpalit siya ng 2016:
Deletehttps://www.carguide.ph/2016/06/review-2016-toyota-fortuner-28-v.html
WHAT ABOUT INNOVA 2013 MODEL, MAREGISTER KO PA BA ITO?
ReplyDeleteYes pwede. For as long as renewal yung registration mo.
Deletemaraming salamat sayo sir Ulysses Ang marami kapa ma advice na katulad ko more power godbless..
ReplyDeleteSir hyundai santa fe crdi 2014 is a euro4?
ReplyDeleteToyota REVO1999 with EFI PWEDE PO BA kargahan ng euro 4 gas, masisira po ba engine ko? Tnx po Mr. Ang kng masagot mo.
ReplyDeleteI am planning to buy new cars. pls help me guide cars with euro 4 Engines
ReplyDeletesir planning to buy new car but karamihan kasi s mga tinanong ko mga owner ng sasakyan mas ok dw ang euro2 totoo b? at di ba ako mgkaka problema nito pag dating sa renewal kapag ngayong 2018 ko xa nabili?
ReplyDeletesir kapag bibili ba ako ng car euro2 ngayong 2018 magkakaproblema ba sa renewal?
ReplyDeleteSir Uly im planning to buy a crosswind this may, per isuzu may stock pa daw sila sa plant, how would i know if pwede sya irehistro ar nde ako magkakaproblema sa LTO pag nabili ko yun crosswind. Ano dapat ko hingin na document fron isuzu? Thanks
ReplyDeleteSir may nabili akong 1987 Toyota hilux surf from pampanga way back 2016 registered sya nung nabili ko. Gasoline ingine sya and I'm planning on replacing it with Toyota 1L diesel engine which is registered din nman dati. sa tingin nyo lulusot ba ito sa issue?
ReplyDeleteAng euro 2 na diesel ay bubuga ng maitim na usok habang tumatagal kasi diesel eh. Kahit euro 4 payan kapag diesel ang makina mo bubuga at bubuga yan ng maitim na usok. Kung gusto nyo gumawa ng batas na gasolina nalang ang pwede para walang usok sasakyan ninyo
ReplyDeleteSir kung bili po ba Ako Isuzu hilander 1998 model wala po b maging problema sa pag rehistro next year.thanks
ReplyDeletePag renewal walang problema.
DeleteHi sir im planing to buy 2nd hand toyota innova, would like to ask po if all year model are euro 4 na?
ReplyDeleteIf it's renewal, there's no issue here. You can have your registration renewed even if your vehicle isn't Euro 4.
Deletehow about the 2018 hyundai accent CRDI, is this a euro4 ?
ReplyDeleteor Hyundai Accent 2017 model, is this a euro4 ?
ReplyDeleteHyundai Accent 2017 model CRDI - diesel, is this a Euro4 ?
ReplyDeletesir uly, dmax 2017 is not euro.. pero binibinta parin dd2 sa isuzu cebu.. hind ba mag ka problema sa rgstration?
ReplyDeleteIsuzu was able to strike a deal with the DENR to certify its remaining non-Euro 4 stocks including some leftover D-Max and Crosswind models. For as long as your dealer is able to do their initial registration, you should be okay when it comes to renewal.
DeleteSir Ulysses gusto kong bilhin ang 1999 model na STAREX ng kakilala ko. Pasado po ba ito sa EURO STANDARD? Zero experience po kc ako about car.
ReplyDeleteSalamat po
Can you help me guys..what is the best diesel fuel can i use to my toyota innova 2018?
ReplyDeleteis Toyota Hi-Ace 2014 model can be filled up with euro5 fuel?
ReplyDeleteAdventure gasoline 2002 model. Pwede pa ba ma register this year? Thanks
ReplyDeleteWhy Euro 4 Compliant and how able TIER 4 Compliant that the USA uses?
ReplyDeletehey!can anyone help me..what diesel i used in my car Used Honda Odyssey Cars For Sale
ReplyDeleteI purchased brand new vehicle but no DENR Sticker ok ba yun or baka old stock o d pina inspect sa DENR
ReplyDeleteSir bibili po ako ng Mitsubishi Lancer yung box type, ma rerehistro ko pa ba ngayon 2019
ReplyDeleteSir Toyota Hi Ace Commuter 2017 Euro 4 compliant na po ba? Thanks
ReplyDeleteSir ullyses ung innova 2005 model uero 4 na rin ba?salamat po..
ReplyDeleteSir ullyses ung innova 2005 model ba euro4 complaint na rin ba?salamat po sa pagsagot...
ReplyDeleteCan I remove this sticker on the windshield, car was released about 2 months ago, I got the license plate already. Thanks!
ReplyDeleteYes, you can remove it.
DeleteI have an adventure 2010.2018 started the euro 4. Do you mean that on 2028 i can not buy any parts of my adventure.
ReplyDeleteIs there a list for engines or car models that are euro 4 compliant already?
ReplyDeleteBasic rule of thumb is that all NEW vehicles sold from January 2016 onwards are Euro 4. However, car manufacturers which assembled locally were allowed to sell non-Euro 4 even after January 2016. This is just the Crosswind and Adventure though.
DeleteThis comment has been removed by a blog administrator.
ReplyDelete